Monatomic ion ion composed of a single atom polyatomic ion ion composed of more than one atom. Chemistry End of Section Exercises. Covalent Compounds. Using the periodic table, predict whether the following chlorides are ionic or covalent: SiCl 4, PCl 3, CaCl 2, CsCl, CuCl 2, and CrCl 3. Polyatomic Ions, Monatomic Ions and Elements (Honors Chemistry; Nomenclature/Bonding Unit) Polyatomic ions are groups of multiple atoms that have a charge (positive or negative). The symbols shown below tell you what elements are in the ion, how many atoms of each, and the charge. For example, contains a. Binary Covalent. Common Names –H 2O, water –NH 3, ammonia –CH 4, methane –C 2H 6, ethane –C 3H 8, propane. Naming Binary Covalent Compounds. If the subscript for the first element is greater than one, indicate the subscript with a prefix. – We do not write mono.

Learning Objectives

1. Use the rules for naming ionic compounds.

Naming Ions

Naming the Cation

The name of a monatomic cation is simply the name of the element followed by the word ion. Thus, Na⁺ is the sodium ion, Al³⁺ is the aluminum ion, Ca²⁺ is the calcium ion, and so forth. Metals ions from Group 1 always have a 1⁺ charge, metals ions from Group 2 always have a 2⁺ charge, the only aluminum ion is 3⁺, zinc ions are 2⁺, and silver ions are 1⁺. These are the fixed-charge metals. The names for fixed-charge metal ions must never be given a Roman numeral.

Metals that can have several different charges as ions are referred to as variable-charge metals. Almost all transition metals plus the metals under the staircase are variable-charge metals. Iron, for example, can form two different cations, each of which, when combined with the same anion, makes a different compound with unique physical and chemical properties. For example, FeCl₂ and FeCl₃ differ in density, melting point, solubility, and color. Thus, we need a different name for each iron ion to distinguish Fe²⁺ from Fe³⁺. The same issue arises for all of the variable-charge metals.

In the modern approach to naming compounds containing variable-charge metals, called the Stock system, a variable-charge metal ion’s positive charge is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses after the element name, followed by the word ion. Thus, Fe²⁺ is called the iron(II) ion, while Fe³⁺ is called the iron(III) ion. The names for variable-charge metals must always be given a Roman numeral.

An older system used the endings -ic for when the metal had the larger of its possible negative charges and -ous for when the metal had the smaller of its possible negative charges instead of the Roman numerals. We will not use this older system.

Naming the Anion

The name of a monatomic anion consists of the stem of the element name, the suffix –ide, and then the word ion. Thus, as we have already seen, Cl⁻ is “chlor-” + “-ide ion,” or the chloride ion. Similarly, O²⁻ is the oxide ion, Se²⁻ is the selenide ion, and so forth. Table 3.3 “Some Monatomic Anions” lists the names of some common monatomic ions.

Table 3.3 Some Monatomic Anions

Ion	Name
F−	fluoride ion
Cl−	chloride ion
Br−	bromide ion
I−	iodide ion
O2−	oxide ion
S2−	sulfide ion
P3−	phosphide ion
N3−	nitride ion

The polyatomic ions have their own characteristic names, as we saw in Table 3.1 “Some Polyatomic Ions”.

Example 6

Name each ion.

1. Ca²⁺
2. S²⁻
3. SO₃²⁻
4. NH₄⁺
5. Cu⁺

Solution

Show Answer

1. the calcium ion
2. the sulfide ion (from Table 3.3 “Some Monatomic Anions”)
3. the sulfite ion (from Table 3.1 “Some Polyatomic Ions”)
4. the ammonium ion (from Table 3.1 “Some Polyatomic Ions”)
5. the copper(I) ion : Copper can form cations with either a 1+ or 2+ charge, so we have to specify the charge by using a Roman numeral.)

SKill Building Exercise

Name each Ion

Example 7

Write the formula for each ion.

1. the bromide ion
2. the phosphate ion
3. the copper 1⁺ ion
4. the magnesium ion

Solution

SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE

Write the formula for each ion.

1. the fluoride ion
2. the carbonate ion
3. the tin⁴⁺ ion
4. the potassium ion

Naming Compounds

Now that we know how to name ions, we are ready to name ionic compounds. We do so by placing the name of the cation first, followed by the name of the anion, and dropping the word ion from both parts.

For example, what is the name of the compound whose formula is Ba(NO₃)₂?

The compound’s name does not indicate that there are two nitrate ions for every barium ion. You must determine the relative numbers of ions by balancing the positive and negative charges.

If you are given a formula for an ionic compound whose cation can have more than one possible charge, you must first determine the charge on the cation before identifying its correct name. For example, consider FeCl₂ and FeCl₃. In the first compound, the iron ion has a 2⁺ charge because there are two Cl⁻ ions in the formula (1⁻ charge on each chloride ion). In the second compound, the iron ion has a 3⁺ charge, as indicated by the three Cl⁻ ions in the formula. These are two different compounds that need two different names. By the Stock system, the names are iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride.

Example 8

Name each ionic compound. Use Roman numerals only when needed.

1. Ca₃(PO₄)₂
2. (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇
3. KCl
4. CuCl
5. SnF₂

Solution

Show Answer

1. calcium phosphate
2. ammonium dichromate (the prefix di- is part of the name of the anion, as in Table 3.1 “Some Polyatomic Ions”)
3. potassium chloride
4. copper(I) chloride
5. tin(II) fluoride

Skill-building Exercise

Name each ionic compound. Use Roman numerals only when neccessary.

1. ZnBr₂
2. Fe(NO₃)₃
3. Al₂O₃
4. AuF₃
5. AgF

Figure 3.7 “A Guide to Naming Simple Ionic Compounds” is a synopsis of how to name simple ionic compounds.

Figure 3.7 A Guide to Naming Simple Ionic Compounds. Follow these steps to name a simple ionic compound.

Monatomic Ion Examples

Concept Review Exercises

1. Briefly describe the process for naming an ionic compound.
2. In what order do the names of ions appear in the names of ionic compounds?
3. When do you need a Roman numeral in the name of an ionic compound? Give an example. When are you not allowed to have a Roman numeral in an ion compound name?

ANswers

Show Answer

1. Name the cation and then the anion.
2. the cation name followed by the anion name
3. An ionic compound in which the metal cation can have more than one possible charge must have a Roman numeral. For example FeCl₃ is iron(III) chloride but FeCl₂ is iron(II) chloride. Metals that always have the same charge as a cation are not given a Roman numeral, For example MgCl₂ is simply magnesium chloride because the magnesium ion is always Mg² .

Key Takeaway

• Each ionic compound has its own unique name that comes from the names of the ions.

Exercises

1. Name each ion.

   1. Cs⁺
   2. As³⁻
   3. HSO₄⁻
   4. Sn²⁺

2. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions.

   1. Na⁺ and Br⁻
   2. Mg²⁺ and Br⁻
   3. Mg²⁺ and S²⁻

3. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions.

   1. K⁺ and Cl⁻
   2. Mg²⁺ and Cl⁻
   3. Mg²⁺ and Se²⁻

4. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions.

   1. Na⁺ and N³⁻
   2. Mg²⁺ and N³⁻
   3. Al³⁺ and S²⁻

5. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions.

   1. Li⁺ and N³⁻
   2. Mg²⁺ and P³⁻
   3. Li⁺ and P³⁻

6. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Use both the Stock and common systems, where appropriate.

   1. Fe³⁺ and Br⁻
   2. Fe²⁺ and Br⁻
   3. Au³⁺ and S²⁻
   4. Au⁺ and S²⁻

7. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Use both the Stock and common systems, where appropriate.

   1. Cr³⁺ and O²⁻
   2. Cr²⁺ and O²⁻
   3. Pb²⁺ and Cl⁻
   4. Pb⁴⁺ and Cl⁻

8. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Use both the Stock and common systems, where appropriate.

   1. Cr³⁺ and NO₃⁻
   2. Fe²⁺ and PO₄³⁻
   3. Ca²⁺ and CrO₄²⁻
   4. Al³⁺ and OH⁻

9. Name the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Use both the Stock and common systems, where appropriate.

   1. NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻
   2. H⁺ and Cr₂O₇²⁻
   3. Cu⁺ and CO₃²⁻
   4. Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻

10. Name each compound.

    1. Co(HCO₃)₂
    2. LiHCO₃

Show Answer

1. a. the radium ion

b.the phosphide ion

c. the dihydrogen phosphate ion

d. the tin(IV) ion

3. a. sodium bromide

b. magnesium bromide

c. magnesium sulfide

5. a. sodium nitride

b. magnesium nitride

c. aluminum sulfide

7. a. iron(III) bromide

b.iron(II) bromide

c. gold(III) sulfide

Monatomic Ionic

d. gold(I) sulfide

9. a. chromium(III) nitrate

b. iron(II) phosphate

c. calcium chromate

d. aluminum hydroxide

11. a. aluminum hydrogen sulfate or aluminum bisulfate

b. magnesium hydrogen sulfate or magnesium bisulfate

I welcome all to this most fascinating topic in modern alchemy! In the coming years, the monoatomics movement will (if not already) be firmly established in the wellness market, to an even greater degree in the realm of alternative medicine, and to some degree in the area of the mind, body, and spirit community which in itself is also growing. Modern alchemy is comparatively unknown in conventional thought, only its popularity in unique areas of interest is expanding exponentially such as those interested in the mystical and “New Age” movements.

The approaching trend is related to a few substances: monatomic (or monoatomic) and diatomic particles. The classic knowledge teaches us that the three phases of matter are gasses, liquids, and solids (but at this moment in that place are the newer plasmas, condensates and fluid crystals). A certain number of solids crystallize into arrangements we term metals. What we have not been taught by mainstream education is the existence of another form of matter termed “monatomic.”

Monatomic elements are furthermore known as ORMUS and m-state elements, and according to the latest theories of science and nature they give an account in this definite area of inquiry that more or less uncompounded atoms on the periodic chart have the ability be diatomic (two atoms) or small atomic “condensates,” that are known in the scientific community as “Bose-Einstein Condensates.” These materials are also widely known as “m-state” atoms. However the popular term “monatomic molecules” is technically incorrect, because if they were “glued” together as molecules (the simplest structural unit of a compound), they would not consist of single atoms (be monatomic) at all, but would be in their more conventionally known metallic state.

The main part of the periodic chart of elements consists of the “transition elements,” meaning they can transform from metallic to monatomic or diatomic by way of chemical usage or through alternative methods (that some would call “shadow chemistry” or “arcane chemistry” or “alchemy”). Gold for instance, can have metallic properties when two or more atoms of gold form a micro cluster, and ceramic properties when divided into separate atoms as in the case of monatomic (monoatomic) or white powder gold in its “ormus” state. When gold exists in the chemically inert (monatomic) state of separate atoms, its ceramic properties are said to exhibit superconductive effects at human body temperatures. The chemically inert properties of monatomic elements make it possible to safely ingest them for great benefits to the physiology and general well-being.

Users of these monatomic ions are describing a long list of benefits, including increased stamina and energy, improved sex drive, better immunity, looking and feeling younger, and increased mental ability and concentration. They obviously seem extremely happy with the results they’re experiencing. The reason for these benefits is due to the ability of monatomic elements to enhance the biological reactions occurring at the cellular level, and at the energetic and electrical fields.

Super-health starts inside the cells of the body. The reactions necessary to create these surprising materials produces a great deal of hydrogen. When more hydrogen in the body is present, the surface tension of liquid water is minimized. After taking any water-based liquid with low surface tension of the water molecule, the effect also reduces the surface tension of the cellular walls allowing greater nutritional absorption and a more efficient utilization of oxygen which replaces carbon dioxide which would otherwise be stuck in the cells.

The communication of cells can occur not only by the conventionally known methods of chemicals (such as hormones) and electrical impulses, but by more recently discovered means involving the photons of light. The human body is a dynamic bioelectric organism not only requiring the unimpeded conduction of bioelectrical circuitry but also an exchange of a “pure” form of information similar to light by means of optical fiber.

Monatomic Ionic Compounds

The superconducting properties of these atoms transform our bodies at the cellular level, including our organs, muscles and tissues of the brain and nervous system, into superconductors of a much higher flow of photons because monoatomics are, in a manner of speaking, a “liquid” light or a “powder” of light. In a sense, the presence of monoatomic particles inside the body changes the entire bioelectro-chemical organism from being “strung” with simple copper wiring to being “installed” with fiber optics, which can carry thousands of times more information than an equivalent amount of electric wiring. If too great an amount is consumed, one can certainly feel almost overwhelmed with too much energy. There is no doubt about its effects! This energizing effect is caused by an increased electrical output of one’s metabolic process under the influence or presence of these “superconducting” elements. This effect is completely different from the usual caffeine and/or sugar rush of conventional beverages. However it is more in tune with the effect of vitamins and herbs to increase metabolic efficiency, yet still quite different in that it operates on a much finer and more ubiquitous level. According to experiments done through Kirlian photos, the “power” of output tells an amazing story. This power output seems to increase after the ingestion of a monatomic formula showing that the electric field, or electromagnetic aura of the individual actually does increase in size and intensity. In 1989 nuclear physicists discovered that atoms of certain elements exist in micro groups. These are small groups of two to several hundred atoms. Most of the transition group precious metals in the center of the periodic table have a monatomic state. If you have more than a specified number of these atoms in a micro cluster, the atoms will organize themselves into a lattice structure with metallic properties. If you have less than the critical number of atoms needed to form a structure, they exist as monatomic atoms with ceramic properties. Monatomic atoms are not held in place by the exchange of electrons of neighboring atoms as are atoms in a classical lattice. The critical number of atoms for rhodium is nine (9) and the critical number of gold atoms is two (2). Only two or more gold atoms in a micro cluster will present metallic properties. However, if you have nine (9) or fewer rhodium atoms in a micro cluster, the micro group spontaneously brakes down to become a group of monatomic rhodium atoms. You might wonder why gold has one level of dissolution and rhodium another. This is a question for nuclear scientists to ponder. Monatomic elements also have no valence electrons available for reactions with other substances. In other words, monatomic elements have many properties similar to ceramic substances which are chemically inert. Analytical chemistry methods, which require the existence of valence electrons, cannot be used to identify any atom existing in a monatomic state. However, there must be some kind of shadow chemistry which still involves monoatomic atoms. David Hudson, a famous researcher in the field of transitional elements, identified the same color changes in monatomic chemistry that occur in metallic chemistry. Similar chemical reactions still may occur with monatomic elements but to a much lower degree. Chemical reactions which take a few days with metallic chemistry may take months or years with monatomic atoms involving some kind of “shadow chemistry” or “alchemy.” If the above statement is true, then what exactly is the actual process at work here? Are there really no valence electrons available for reactions with monatomic atoms? Also simply calling whatever kind of reactions, if any, that might be occurring a “shadow chemistry” or “alchemy” does not help to define the phenomena either. These discoveries are recent enough not to be found in any textbooks yet, and the full implications have not yet been evaluated by the scientific community. We have learned so far that a metallic element tends to be chemically active (tending to rust or corrode) and a relatively good conductor of electricity and temperature changes, while monatomic elements of the same kind acts more like a ceramic in that they poorly conduct electricity and heat and have only neutral chemical properties. And, according to Hudson, under certain conditions at room temperature, monatomic atoms act like superconductors. However, Dr. Kogan at the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Earth’s in Kiev, does not agree with all of Hudson’s discoveries as being valid. Nevertheless, Russian scientists from that same Institute do agree that those atoms in a lattice pattern that react as metals, also exhibit ceramic properties while in a monatomic state. A detailed critique of Hudson’s findings from that source would be interesting to study. Monatomic particles of all the heavy elements from the central section of the periodic table of the elements have been found. These elements exhibit “half filled” bands of valence electrons and given as follows along with their atomic number (of protons) in brackets: Ruthenium (44), Rhodium (45), Palladium (46), Silver (47), Osmium (76), Iridium (77), Platinum (78), and Gold (79). Micro clusters of many other metallic elements in this same part of the periodic table have also been discovered. As long as these elements are not locked into a lattice, their characteristics behave quite differently than the same atoms that are locked. In other words, it is the grouping of atoms which define their qualities rather than just the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus as previously assumed. If these atoms are not locked into a network or grouping of material, their properties are no longer metallic even though having identical atoms! Monatomic particles are an entirely new phase of matter hidden throughout the universe, remaining unknown for such a long time right under the noses of scientists without detection until very recently because they are impossible to detect by any normal analytical techniques. Such a form of material would simply be a scientific curiosity if it were not for the fact that Hudson claims massive amounts of this substance exists throughout the earth’s crust and that their properties are so mysterious in some ways and amazingly beneficial in others. In order to find monatomic particles, one has to first convert them back to their normal metallic state to make it possible for them to be detected with conventional methods. This rather serious limitation to the way these particles can be detected explains why so much of the earth’s matter exists in a previously undiscovered form. No conventional detection techniques involving the interaction with their valence electrons can be used to find monatomic elements. As long as the valence electrons remain unavailable, the atoms remain unidentifiable and the only way to begin to identify this stealth material is know what you are looking for in the first place. We now understand that the monatomic form of an element exhibits physical characteristics and other peculiarities which are entirely different from its metallic form. According to classical literature, one of these curious properties is that the white powder exhibits a fluorescence, another is its behavior as a superconductor at human body temperature, causing it to “ride” on the earth’s magnetic field, giving it the powers of levitation. Because the weight of these elements vary widely with the magnetic field of the environment and the temperature, it is impossible to measure their actual gravity. Under some influences, monoatomic material weighs less than zero! Another truly amazing aspect is how much benefit and other interesting effects some users experience after ingesting some of these elements, especially the monatomic (monoatomic) gold powder also known as white powder gold and gold ormus. The original website, articles, videos and illustrations are located here: Monatomics. You can purchase highly advanced ORMUS and other modern alchemy formualtions here:White Powder M-State Monoatomic High Spin Gold

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